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The Immune system The functions of the immune system Provides defense against pathogens Pathogens are disease causing organisms Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Defense against cancer by recognizing and eliminating grossly abnormal cells: immune surveil...

A. Present subjunctive of hortor, hortari, hortatus sum horter hortemur horteris hortemini hortetur hortentur hotre- r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur B. Pluperfect indicative of hortor, hortari, hortatus sum hortatus eram hortat...

Know that C4 and cAMP plants use different pathways due to their environment 25-30% of the exam is chapter 48, rest is synthesis or single unit questions Review the Baltimore classification system The ETC that we learn is for eukaryotes, prokaryotes have ...

This course builds on CHM 203 The main goals are to build basic chemical knowledge Catching up is impossible in Summer General Chemistry II 2 hours a day minimum is best This is a self-paced course Still be actively engaged daily You have to be e...

We will be focusing on solutions A solution has 2 main components: Solute Minor component Solvent Major component The solute is the small amount of substance going into water, and water is the solvent. A solute is the thing that is alw...

Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics Rates of reaction and the particulate nature of matter Kinetics: Rates of reaction (speed) The sequential steps of a reaction Affect the rates? Concentration of the reactants The more stuff that is present, th...

Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium All reactions are reversible Reaches equilibrium when the concentration of R and P are no longer changing; Rate F = Rate R Reactions are still occurring Equilibrium constant ($k$) Never has...

Aqueous Ionic EquilibriumBuffer solutionSomething that is going to resist changes in pHKeeps reactions where we need them to beYour blood is a bufferA weak acid and its conjugate base in solution or a weak base and its conjugate acid in solutionCommon-Ion effe...

Chapter 18: Free Energy and ThermodynamicsSpontaneous and Nonspontaneous ProcessesSpontaneous: proceed without any external influenceNonspontaneous: needs an external influence to occurA spontaneous process will drive towards equilibriumThese can be fast or sl...

Regulation through modifying histone tailsTargets specific amino acidsLysine, Arginine, Serine (less common)Three methodsMethylationAcetylationPhosphorylationHistone tail modificationVariant effects depending on method/amino acidExamplesAcetylation of lysine r...

DNA ligase connects nucleotides by rejoining the phosphodiester backboneSSB—Single-strand DNA binding proteinExposed single-strand DNA (ssDNA) is easily coiled or degraded.Sliding clamp (PCNA) and clamp loader maintain the connectivity for leading and lagging ...

Early Modern Period 1500-1800 ADMore travel now, specifically the Columbian Exchange (transatlantic trade).Wunderkammer/Wunderkammern “room(s) of wonder/marvels”Collected numerous things and put them all in a room together.Information revolutionThe printing p...

Course packets are ready! They are located at BlueJay Print and PostThe first telescope was made in The NetherlandsBuilt his own telescopeObserved satellites (moons) orbiting JupiterLetter on Sunspots (1612)Describes Venus' orbit around the sunGalileo's friend...

The Scientific Revolution We get things that start to resemble the modern scientific methodFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)Emphasized experimentsMany new tools for experimentsBeginnings of scientific journals and groupsGalileo was very interested in motion and findi...

Know where the molecules are if an MCQ question asks, “What is this molecule?” while pointing to a diagram.RNA splicingTranscriptionTranslationMaterial that will be emphasized on the next examA few questions on RNA polymeraseMostly on the sigma factorOne quest...

Lecture 1 (Monday) Genesis and geologyChanges in geology lead to changes in our perception of how long life has been on earth.Darwin was working with the people before him and around himMany revolutions at this timeVery polarized societyThomas MalthusLooks fo...

Lecture 11 Elongation factorsEF1Can be used to increase the speed of translationEF2Related to translocationEF-TuEF-GMet-tRNAiTranslation initiationEukaryotes use methionineProkaryotes use formylmethionineTranslation happens when the ribosome slides from the 5...

Darwin did not approve of eugenics

Geologists have put us in a new epoch that is defined by human changeThe atmospheric CO₂ has never gone above ~300 ppm, but it is well over 420 ppm right now.Data goes back 800,000 yearsAlexander von HumboldtJoseph FourierDiscovered the "greenhouse effect"Maun...

Exam 3 Review Clathrin pinchingPI(4.5)P_2COPI and Clathrin usually use ARF proteinsCOPII usually uses Sar1 proteinsGEF promotes vesicle assembly, and GAP promotes vesicle disassembly.Assembly is faster than disassembly.t-SNARE and v-SNAREs make the trans-SNAR...