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Friday Optional Lecture 3 (9/26/2025)

Lecture 11

  • Elongation factors
    • EF1
      • Can be used to increase the speed of translation
    • EF2
      • Related to translocation
    • EF-Tu
    • EF-G
  • Met-tRNAi
    • Translation initiation
    • Eukaryotes use methionine
    • Prokaryotes use formylmethionine
  • Translation happens when the ribosome slides from the 5' end to the initiator sequence, where it begins to translate the RNA to proteins
  • eIF2 is removed when the ribosome binds to the initiator sequence
  • Methionine has to be in the P site
  • Leaky scanning
    • ACCAUGG
  • Shine-Dalgarno
    • AGGAGGU
  • Peptidyl transferase
  • The RF1 is used at the A site, then the P site, which destabilizes and deconstructs the ribosome
  • hsp60 is the "chaperonin"
    • Barrel chamber
    • Isolation chamber
  • Proteasome
    • Inside the cytoplasm generally
    • Inside the proteasome, unfoldase unfolds the protein into a linear form
    • Depending on where you put the ubiquitin, you get different results
    • 26S proteasome
      • Made of two 19S (one on each side as a cap) and one 20S proteasome
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    • Likely only MCQ, but possibly integrated in a free response question, but only as a setup for the question
  • Cystic fibrosis
    • Likely only MCQ, but possibly integrated in a free response question, but only as a setup for the question

Lecture 12

  • Transcription regulators
    • Know the types of transcription regulators
  • The “breathing” of nucleosomes helps to express different genes
  • Tryptophan
    • Will not be asked the structure
    • Just know that it is the largest out of the 20 common ones
    • It has only one codon
  • Lac Operon
    • Know what happens with the different glucose and lactose levels
    • image.png
  • Tryptophan is used for regulation occasionally
  • DNA bent around a mediator complex can give it a lot of variability
  • Transcription can recruit a nucleosome-related protein to help modify the gene
  • Lysine is used a lot in the relationship between nucleosomes and transcription
  • Transcription repressors
  • Riboswitches
    • RNA folding leads to regulatory activity
    • Folds to bind to small molecules for activation
  • RNA editing
    • The deamination of adenine to inosine (hypoxanthine + ribose)
    • Apolipoprotein B
      • Can change C to a U or vice versa. These are used for RNA editing and can change the location of the where the resulting protein should be used.
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