Chapter 13

We will be focusing on solutions
A solution has 2 main components:
- Solute
  - Minor component
- Solvent
  - Major component
- The solute is the small amount of substance going into water, and water is the solvent.
- A solute is the thing that is always in the smaller amount
- We need to be able to count the number of particles in solution
  - "How much stuff is in this solution"
  - Ionic vs Covalent
  - Nomenclature
  - Dissolution
  - Disassociation
  - Electrolytes
Types of solutions and solubility
- A solution is a homogenous mixture containing small particles that will not separate. This leads to many transparent mixtures being made
- An aqueous solution is a solution where water is the solvent
- Solubility is the amount of substance that will dissolve
- Types of solutions that you can have are in table 13.1, p 564
- Why do solutions form?
  - Entropy ($\Delta S$)
    - The number of ways a system can be arranged
      - Randomness/disorder (not as correct)
    - Entropy always increases
    - Entropy is favorable
- The effects of IMF's
  - Dissolves: a solid going into a liquid
  - A gas can also go into a liquid
  - Miscible: the liquids are soluble
- Like dissolves like
  - The IMF's of the solute are similar or favorable to the solvent
  - Three main interactions when making solutions
    - Solute-solute interactions - break these
    - Solvent-solvent interactions - break these
    - Solute-solvent interactions - form these
  - Energy needs to be favorable to make a solution
  - Oil and water do not mix due to this same thing
Energetics of solution formation
- Energy changes in solution formation
  - Separate solute particles (+$\Delta H$)
  - Separate solvent particles